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Communication is a time-consuming activity allowing the project participants to understand and collaborate with each other.
Rationale management keeps track of the justifications of past decisions for the making of future decisions.
Software configuration management keeps track of different versions of the system. Everything is managed, including code and documentation.
Project management coordinates various activities in the project.
Software life cycle enables participants to deal with the complexity of the software development process by carrying out activities in an orderly fashion.

Requirement elicitation — clients, users and developers jointly define the purpose and requirements of the system.
Analysis — based on the requirements, developers create system models with objects understandable by the clients or users.
System design — developers continue to evolve the system model with additional objects needed in the complete system.
Object design — developers define details of objects in the system model.
Implementation — developers write the program code for each object.
Testing — developers execute programs to determine their conformance to the requirements.